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Augustus II the Strong (12 May 1670 – 1 February 1733), was Elector of Saxony as Frederick Augustus I (German: Friedrich August I) from 1694 as well as King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1697 to 1706 and from 1709 until his death in 1733. He belonged to the Albertine branch of the House of Wettin.

Augustus' great physical strength earned him the nicknames "the Strong", "the Saxon Hercules" and "Iron-Hand". He liked to show that he lived up to his name by breaking horseshoes with his bare hands and engaging in fox tossing by holding the end of his sling with just one finger while two of the strongest men in his court held the other end. He is also notable for fathering a very large number of children, with contemporary sources claiming a total of between 360 and 380.

In order to be elected king of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Augustus converted to Catholicism. As a Catholic, he received the Order of the Golden Fleece from the Holy Roman Emperor and established the Order of the White Eagle, Poland's highest distinction. As elector of Saxony, he is perhaps best remembered as a patron of the arts and architecture. He transformed the Saxon capital of Dresden into a major cultural centre, attracting artists from across Europe to his court. Augustus also amassed an impressive art collection and built lavish baroque palaces in Dresden and Warsaw. In 1711 he served as the Imperial vicar of the Holy Roman Empire.

His reign brought about many troubles to Poland. He led the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Great Northern War, which allowed the Russian Empire to strengthen its influence in Europe, especially within Poland. His main pursuit was bolstering royal power in the Commonwealth, characterized by broad decentralization in comparison with other European monarchies. In order to reduce the autonomy of the Commonwealth's subjects he used foreign powers, leading to destabilization of the country. Augustus ruled Poland with a 3-year interruption between 1706 and 1709; in 1704 the Swedes installed nobleman Stanisław Leszczyński as king, who officially reigned from 1706 to 1709 and then after Augustus' death in 1733, which sparked the War of the Polish Succession.

Augustus' body was buried in Poland's royal Wawel Cathedral in Kraków, but his heart rests in the Dresden Cathedral. His only legitimate son, Augustus III of Poland, became king in 1733.

Erdmuta Zofia von Dieskau (1698-1767), was a Polish aristocrat. She replaced Marianna Denhoff as the mistress of Augustus II the Strong in 1719 and was replaced by Henrietta von Osterhausen in 1720.

Countess Maria Aurora von Königsmarck (Swedish: Aurora Königsmarck) (28 April 1662 – 16 February 1728) was a Swedish and German noblewoman of Brandenburg extraction and mistress of Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony and King of Poland.

Ana Katharina (Henriette) Rénard (1685 – 26 May 1721), was a mistress of Augustus the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony and mother of his daughter, the later Countess Anna Karolina Orzelska.

Графиня Анна Констанция фон Козель, урожденная фон Брокдорф, в браке фон Хойм (нем. Anna Constantia Reichsgräfin von Cosel; 17 октября 1680, Депенау — 31 марта 1765, крепость Штольпен) — фаворитка Августа Сильного с 1705 по 1713 год. В 1706—1715 гг. — хозяйка Пильница. Последующие полвека провела в заточении в Штольпенской крепости как государственная преступница.

Ursula Katharina of Altenbockum, divorced Princess Lubomirska, married Duchess von Württemberg-Winnental (Polish: Urszula Katarzyna Lubomirska z domu Bokum; 25 November 1680 – 4 May 1743), later Imperial Princess of Teschen (German: Reichsfürstin von Teschen), was a Polish-German noblewoman and mistress of Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, in 1700-1705. In 1722 she married Prince Frederick Louis of Württemberg-Winnental.

Maria Aurora von Spiegel, born Fatima (born before 1686 – fl 1733), also referred to as Fatime, Fatima Kariman or Fatima von Kariman, was the Ottoman Turkish mistress of Augustus II the Strong of Poland and Lithuania. Fatima was one of the many Turkish captives during the Battle of Buda. She was brought to the royal courts of Europe, including Sweden, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and Saxony, and trained as a lady-in-waiting.

Henrietta von Osterhausen (died 6 November 1727, Dresden), was a German-Polish aristocrat. She is known as the mistress of Augustus II the Strong.

She was a lady-in-waiting to the daughter-in-law of August, Maria Josepha of Austria.

She replaced Erdmuta Zofia von Dieskau as royal mistress in 1720. When the affair was over, Maria Josepha suggested that she become a nun. She did live for the Ursuline convent in Prague, but stayed there only as a guest for a couple of months.

She married Albrecht Zygmunt von Zeigut-Stanisławski on 22 February 1724.

Angélique Debargues (died 1724), was a French ballerina. She is known as the mistress of Augustus II the Strong in the 1710s.

Debargues was a prominent ballerina and a star of the French company at the royal court in 1709-1724, during which she was described as the most noted ballerina in the French theater in Dresden, Electorate of Saxony.

Zofia Eleonora Klengel (1674-1755), was a German aristocrat. She is known as the first known mistress of Augustus II the Strong in 1692–1695.

Anna Aloysia Maximiliane Louise von Lamberg (1676 – 28 June 1738), also known as Countess Esterle, was an Austrian countess who was successively the mistress of Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland, and Aleksander Benedykt Sobieski.