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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547. After the Pope refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, Henry passed legislation that severed England and Ireland from the Roman Catholic Church and established the monarch as Supreme Head of the Church of England, initiating the English Reformation. He subsequently married five more times; two marriages were annulled, and two wives were executed.

Henry was born in Greenwich as the second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York. His elder brother, Arthur, Prince of Wales, was heir apparent until he died in 1502, after which Henry succeeded him. Originally intended for an ecclesiastical career, he instead received an education suited to kingship. Of his six siblings, only Margaret and Mary survived into adulthood.

Henry brought radical changes to the Constitution of England, expanding royal power and ushering in the theory of the divine right of kings in opposition to papal supremacy. He frequently used charges of treason and heresy to quell dissent, and those accused were often executed without a formal trial using bills of attainder. He achieved many of his political aims through his chief ministers, some of whom were banished or executed when they fell out of his favour. Thomas Wolsey, Thomas More, Thomas Cromwell, and Thomas Cranmer all figured prominently in his administration.

Henry was an extravagant spender, using proceeds from the dissolution of the monasteries and acts of the Reformation Parliament. He converted money that was formerly paid to Rome into royal revenue. Despite the money from these sources, he was often on the verge of financial ruin due to personal extravagance and the costs of his largely unproductive wars with France and Scotland. He founded the Royal Navy, oversaw the annexation of Wales to England with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542, and was the first English monarch to rule as King of Ireland following the Crown of Ireland Act 1542.

Henry's contemporaries considered him an attractive, educated, and accomplished king. He has been described as "one of the most charismatic rulers to sit on the English throne" and his reign described as the "most important" in English history. He was an author and composer. As he aged, he became severely overweight and his health suffered, and he was frequently characterised in his later life as a lustful, egotistical, paranoid, and tyrannical monarch. He longed for a son and heir, which he finally received from his third marriage to Jane Seymour. Jane's son succeeded Henry as Edward VI. Nonetheless, his daughters by his first and second wives acceded to the throne in turn as Mary I and Elizabeth I.

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Jane Popincourt

Jane Popincourt (c. 1484 – c. 1530 CE) was a French noblewoman, tutor, and maid-of-honour. She served in the courts of Henry VII and Henry VIII of England.

For around twelve years, she had a position at the English court, first in the reign of Henry VII, as a distinguished tutor engaged to teach French to the princesses Margaret and Mary; and later in 1509, on the accession of Henry VIII, she was appointed a maid-of-honour to his wife, Catherine of Aragon. In 1514, there were rumors that Jane had become the King's mistress.

During the Battle of the Spurs in 1513, the King's troops captured a number of French nobles, notably Louis I d'Orléans, duke of Longueville. It is unknown if the Duke had met Jane at the French court, but as her countryman they seem to have been introduced upon his arrival at the English court and they soon began a liaison. Although he was technically a hostage, he was used as a supplementary ambassador in arranging the marriage of Mary Tudor and Louis XII, and was treated with respect as such. This damaged the reputation of Jane, who was probably then in her mid-to-late twenties, an age by which a woman would have been expected to be married. When the Duke returned to France in 1514, Jane remained at the English court and, some rumours suggested, may have begun a brief affair with Henry VIII. However, she seems to have wanted to return home. It has also been speculated that she was no longer welcome at the English court. She was listed as an attendant to Henry's sister, Princess Mary, who was about to become the queen of France. Louis XII refused to accept Jane as an attendant for his new wife, however, apparently on the grounds of believing Jane was promiscuous.

Jane remained in England until 1516, when she returned to France. She is said to have reignited her affair with the Duke and received a parting gift of £100 from Henry.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England
 

Elizabeth Carew

Elizabeth Carew (née Bryan; c. 1500 – 1546) was an English courtier and reputed mistress of King Henry VIII.

A daughter of Sir Thomas Bryan and Margaret Bourchier, Elizabeth became the wife of Henry VIII's close friend Sir Nicholas Carew, an influential statesman who was eventually executed for his alleged involvement in the Exeter Conspiracy. She is described as being beautiful by many historians.

Her brother, Sir Francis, a member of the Privy Chamber and one of the king's closest friends, sat on the jury that convicted his sister's husband, who was sentenced to death, and thus reduced her to penury.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England
 

Margaret Shelton

Margaret Shelton (likely died before 1555) was the sister of Mary Shelton, and was once thought to be a mistress of Henry VIII of England.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England
 

Mary Berkeley

Mary Berkeley (1480 circa – XVI secolo) è stata una delle amanti di Enrico VIII d'Inghilterra.

In seguito alla relazione con il re, diede alla luce due figli, Thomas e John mai riconosciuti. In seguito sposò sir Thomas Perrot ed in seconde nozze Thomas Jones.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England
 

Anne Bassett

Anne Basset (1520 – before 1558) was an English lady-in-waiting of the Tudor period, reputed to have been the mistress of King Henry VIII.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England
 

Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon

Anne Stafford, Countess of Huntingdon

Anne Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon (née Anne Stafford) (c. 1483–1544) was an English noble. She was the daughter of Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, and Catherine Woodville, sister of queen consort Elizabeth Woodville. She was first the wife of Sir Walter Herbert and then George Hastings, 1st Earl of Huntingdon, and served in the household of King Henry VIII's daughter, the future Queen Mary I.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England
 

Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex

Elizabeth Stafford, Countess of Sussex (c. 1479 – 11 May 1532) was an English noblewoman.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England
 

Joan Dingley

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England
 

메리 불린

메리 불린

메리 불린(영어: Mary Boleyn, 1499년(추정) ~ 1543년 7월 19일)은 16세기 초 잉글랜드 왕국에 상당한 영향력을 끼친 것으로 알려진 불린 가문의 일원으로, 엘리자베스 1세의 생모인 앤 불린의 자매이다. 아버지는 토머스 불린, 어머니는 엘리자베스 하워드이다. 남매로는 앤과 나중에 로치퍼드 자작이 되는 조지 불린이 있으며 오랫동안 세 남매의 순서가 어떻게 되는지는 기록의 부족으로 논쟁의 여지가 있었으나 현재로서는 메리가 장녀, 앤이 차녀이며 조지가 막내인 것으로 추측되고 있다.

메리는 잉글랜드의 헨리 8세와 그의 맞수였던 프랑스의 프랑수아 1세 두 사람 모두의 정부였던 전적이 있으며, 두 번 결혼했다.

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Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England
 

Elizabeth Blount

Elizabeth Blount

Elizabeth Blount (c. 1498/c. 1500/c. 1502 – 1540), commonly known during her lifetime as Bessie Blount, was a mistress of Henry VIII of England.

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