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Yemelyan Pugachev

Yemelyan Pugachev

Yemelyan Ivanovich Pugachev (also spelled Pugachyov; Russian: Емельян Иванович Пугачёв; c. 1742 – 21 January [O.S. 10 January] 1775) was an ataman of the Yaik Cossacks and the leader of the Pugachev's Rebellion, a major popular uprising in the Russian Empire during the reign of Catherine the Great.

The son of a Don Cossack landowner, Pugachev served in the Imperial Russian Army during the Seven Years' War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. In 1770 he deserted the Russian military and spent years as a fugitive, gaining popularity among the peasants, Cossacks and Old Believers against a backdrop of intensified unrest. In 1773, he initiated open revolt against Catherine. Claiming to be Catherine's late husband Tsar Peter III, Pugachev proclaimed an end to serfdom and amassed a large army. His forces quickly overran much of the region between the Volga and the Urals, and in 1774 they captured Kazan and burned the city to the ground. In August 1774, General Johann von Michelsohnen inflicted a crushing defeat on the rebels at Tsaritsyn. Pugachev was captured soon after by his own Cossacks and turned over to the authorities. He was then sent to Moscow and executed in January 1775. Alexander Pushkin wrote a notable history of the rebellion, The History of Pugachev, and recounted the events of the uprising in his novel The Captain's Daughter (1836).

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Tatiana Kharlova

Tatiana Grigorievna Kharlova (1756–1773), was a Russian noblewoman killed during the Pugachev's Rebellion. Her death attracted much attention.

She was the daughter of colonel Grigory Mironovich Elagin, commandant of the Tatishchevo Fortress, and Anisya Semyonovna. In 1773, she married Zakhar Ivanovich Kharlov (1734–1773), commandant of the Nizhneozernoye Fortress.

On 22 September 1773, informed that the rebel army of Yemelyan Pugachev was marching toward Nizhneozernoye, Kharlova and her younger brother Nikolai was sent by her spouse back to her parents, where they were thought to be safer. Four days later, the Nizhneozernoye Fortress was taken by Pugachev and her husband executed. On 27 September, Pugachev attacked and took the Tatishchevo Fortress as well. Her parents were executed, with her father reportedly skinned, while Tatiana and her little brother was initially spared and taken prisoner. Contemporary sensational propaganda claimed that Kharlova was raped before the eyes of her husband, but this was evidently not true. She was however evidently taken as a concubine by Pugachev. On 4 November, Tatiana Grigorievna Kharlova was killed, along with her brother, by some Cossacks in the retinue of Pugachev, reportedly because they felt that Pugachev had been too lenient toward her, "loved her" too much, and feared the consequences of any future testimony she could give. In a testimony given the following year, Pugachev claimed that his soldiers had killed Kharlova because he loved her too much, and that he lamented what had happened.

The fate of Kharlova was mentioned by contemporary sensational press and attracted much attention during the Pugachev's Rebellion. It was famously described by Alexander Pushkin in Pugachev's history.

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